新西兰教育体系综述(中英)

　　Overview of the New Zealand Education System

　　新西兰教育体系综述

　　An overview of New Zealand (or Aotearoa, the Maori name for New Zealand – meaning land of the long white cloud) is situated in the South Pacific Ocean 2,000 kilometres South-East of Australia. It has a total land area of 269,000 square kilometres (3/4 the size of Japan). The capital is Wellington and the largest city is Auckland. The population is 4 million, with 4/5 of European ethnicity, 1 in 7 Maori (the tangata whenua or indigenous people), 1 in 15 Asian and 1 in 16 of Pacific Island origin. New Zealand is an increasingly multicultural society.

　　新西兰在毛利语中有“白云之乡“的美称，她位于南太平洋与同在南半球的澳大利亚相隔2000公里。地域面积约为269，000平方公里（相当于日本国土面积的3/4）。首都是惠灵顿，奥克兰是全国最大的城市。 新西兰约有4百万人口，其中4/5为欧洲后裔，1/7为毛利人，亚洲人约占1/15，其他太平洋岛国人口约占1/16。 新西兰已经逐渐成为多元文化交融的国家。

　　Introduction

　　简介

　　Education is increasingly international in character driven by trends which include the Information Communications Technology revolution, employment markets transcending national borders and a geographically mobile population of students, teaching staff and researchers.

　　In this fast-changing environment, policy-makers, teachers, students and employers in all countries need access to relevant and up-to-date information about each other’s education and qualification systems.

　　在通讯技术的变革，逐渐消除国家界限的雇佣市场和地域流动性越来越大的学生，教师和研究人员等多方面力量的推动下，教育变得越来越国际化。

　　许多决策者，教职员工和学生都必须了解和不断更新对其他国家教育体系的了解，以适应不断发展变化的环境。

　　Central Agencies and Providers – A Devolved System

　　中央机构和 – 完善的管理体系

　　New Zealand education has moved from a centralised structure to one in which individual schools and tertiary institutions have considerable responsibility for their own governance and management, working within the framework of guidelines, requirements and funding arrangements set by central government and administered through its agencies.

　　新西兰教育体制已经由从前的中央集权的管理模式转变为由学校和高等教育学院各负其责进行管理，但是必须遵守由中央政府和其下属机构所设立的法律法规及基金分配等诸项要求。

　　The Ministry of Education, established under the Education Act 1989 carries out the following function:

　　· Provides education policy advice to the Minister of Education and the Government;

　　· Allocates funding to schools and early childhood providers;

　　· Oversees the implemtation of approved education policies;

　　· Collects and processes education statistics and information;

　　· Monitors the effectiveness of the education supplier as a whole.

　　根据1989年教育法案要求而建立的教育部主要承担以下职责：

　　· 为教育部长和政府提供教育政策建议和咨询

　　· 为学校和幼儿教育机构合理分配基金

　　· 保障教育政策在海外的实施

　　· 收集汇总教育领域的相关信息

　　· 监管整体教育工作开展的效力

　　Separate education agencies have national responsibilities for qualifications and quality assurance.

　　各个教育代理机构在全国范围内对教育质量和学历文凭进行质量监控。

　　Administrative authority for most education service provision is devolved away from central government to the educational institutions which are governed (in the public sector) by individual boards (schools) or councils (ITP’s), members of which are elected or appointed.

　　绝大部分提供教育服务的管辖权已经从中央政府移交给各教育院校，这些院校通常受校董会，理事会（行业培训组织的）或者通过选举或者任命推选出得成员的管理。

　　The Tertiary Education Commissions’ (TEC) key role is to oversee the implementation of the Tertiary Education strategy and associated set of priorities.

　　高等教育委员会的职责是监管高等教育政策及举措在海外的实施工作。

　　TEC takes an active role in facilitating collaboration and cooperation in the tertiary education system and a greater system connectedness to wider New Zealand businesses, communities, iwi (tribes) and enterprises is emerging.

　　新西兰高教委在促进高等教育与商业，社区，种族以及企业之间的沟通和合作方面一直扮演着非常积极的角色。

　　It is also responsible for funding all post-compulsory education and training offered by universities, polytechnics, colleges of education, wananga (public tertiary institutions that provide programmes with an emphasis on Maori tradition and customs), private training establishments, foundation education agencies, industry training organisations and adult and community education providers.

　　新西兰的大学，技术学院，教育学院，毛利传统教育学院，私立培训机构，教育基金，行业培训组织和成人及社区教育机构为社会提供义务教育之后的各项教育服务，高教委也必须对此类教育教学工作给予扶持。

　　Education in New Zealand

　　新西兰的教育

　　The New Zealand Education System is based on several guiding principles including; culturally appropriate early childhood services; primary and secondary education that is free for New Zealand citizens and permanent residents, equitable and affordable access to tertiary education and quality assured and portable education qualifications.

　　新西兰的教育体系建立在以下几个主要监管原则的基础上，它们包括：文化包容性强的幼儿早期教育， 给予新西兰公民和永久居民的免费初级和中级义务教育，平等的高等教育机会以及高质量的学历文凭。

　　The provision of flexible pathways for study is also an important feature – for example students are not streamed or channelled through particular types of school from which future study options are determined.

　　灵活实用的学习途径也是新西兰教育的一个重要特点，例如学生可以以专业兴趣为出发点选择适合的桥梁课程为正式专业学习打基础，这样的学习方式可以保证学生不被分流。

　　Although there is diversity in the forms of institutions through which education is provided, national policies and quality assurance provide continuity and consistency across the system.

　　尽管根据所提供的教育类型，教育机构往往在形式上呈现多元化，但是国家的教育政策和对教育质量的监管保证了整个教育的高水平和延续性。

　　Early Childhood Education

　　早期幼儿教育

　　A wide range of services is provided which care for young children and infants from birth to 6 years of age.

　　新西兰为从出生到6岁的儿童提供广泛的教育和养护服务。

　　Primary and Secondary School Education

　　初级和中级教育

　　Schooling is available to children from age 5 and is compulsory from ages 6 to 16. In 2004 average teacher student classroom ratios ranged from 1:19 to 1:24.

　　The New Zealand School year usually runs from the end of January to mid-December and is divided into 4 terms. Both single sex and co-educational schooling options are available and state (public) schools are secular.

　　在新西兰孩子5岁之后就可以进入学校接受教育，6岁到16岁是法定接受义务教育的年龄。2004年的统计表明教师，学生和教室的平均比率是1：19 到1：24。从1月底到12月中旬被分成四个学期。另外学生和家长可以根据自己的意愿选择单一性别的学校（男校或者女校）也可以选择男女混校。

　　Most schools are English language medium, but some schools teach in the Maori medium.

　　绝大部分学校采用英语授课，个别学校也会采用毛利语教学。

　　Tertiary Education

　　高等教育

　　The term ‘tertiary education’ in New Zealand is used to describe all aspects of post-school education and training. There are currently 36 public tertiary education institutions, including 8 universities, 21 ITPs and 4 colleges of education, three wananga (Maori tertiary education institutions). There are also 46 industry training organisations and approximately 895 private training establishments which include private English language schools registered by the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

　　“高等教育”在新西兰通常含盖高级别学校教育和培训的各个方面。 目前全国有36所公里高校，其中8所大学，21所行业技术学院，4所教育学院以及3所毛利高等教育机构。另外还有46所行业培训机构和大约895所私立培训教育机构在新西兰学历评审委员会注册的许多私立语言学校。

　　Tertiary education providers meet the needs of learners of all ages, ethnicities, abilities and educational backgrounds. They offer courses at widely different levels from transition programmes to post graduate study and research. There are no fixed divisions between the types of courses offered by each classification of provider. The key focus is on their ability to offer programmes to the required quality standards, rather than on their organisation type.

　　高等教育机构必须要满足所有年龄，种族，能力和教育背景的求学者的学习需要。学校要求提供从桥梁课程到研究生教育和课题研究等各种级别的课程，但是在课程种类的划分上各个学校可以根据实际情况自行定度，关键是要对学生因材施教，并保证教育的质量。