阅读题出题原则—ETS关于RC的解释

如果说mindfree的active阅读法是民法通则，可以放之四海而皆准，那么小安阅读法则是一个司法考试复习系统，二者是相辅相承，无法割裂以及不可替代的。

active阅读法虽然具有相当高的普遍有效性，但并不是对不同阶段不同底子的所有考生都完全适用。同时由于对大牛们的仰视，也造就了大家对开发最适合自己的方法缺乏足够的勇气和力量的局面。

这两天研读了ETS关于RC的解释，我谓之为RC宪法，所获甚多，特别向大家推荐，希望大家可以有所悟，能够找到最适合自己的方法。最好可以出现“百法其放”“百法争鸣”的繁荣景象！

万法同宗，而宪法是万法之母。之所以把它称为宪法，是因为这就是ETS的出题宗旨，它解释了ETS要考查的题型，每种题型的内涵和外延，每种题型要考查的能力，每种题型的解题思路。我把它翻译成了中文，在翻译过程中我更进一步地领会了ETS的意图，翻译力求意译而非直译，尽管经过三遍修改，由于水平有限以及中英文本身的概念差异，仍然有多处感觉不爽，请大家指正！

强烈建议大家反复研读，尤其是遇到困惑和障碍的时候！

内容简介：

一、考试题型分类，考察的能力，解题思路

1.关于文章的中心思想（主题题）

2.关于文中的论点（观点题）

3.关于基于文中给出信息的推论（推导题）

4. 关于文中的信息如何适用于文章以外的环境（类比题）

5.关于文章的逻辑结构（结构题）

6.关于文章的风格和基调（态度题）

二、应试策略

请回复“我也想创造自己的方法”，回复之后请回到第一页来才可以看到。

There are six kinds of reading comprehension questions, each of which tests a different reading skill. The following pages include descriptions of the various question types, test-taking strategies, sample question, and detailed explanations for all the questions. The explanations further illustrate the ways in which reading comprehension questions evaluate basic reading skills.

Reading comprehension questions include:

阅读题一共有六种问题，每一种问题测试一种不同的阅读技能。下面的内容包括了对各种不同类型的问题的描述，应试策略，样题以及所有样题的具体解释。这些解释进一步说明了阅读题目的问题是如何评估基本的阅读技能的。

阅读理解的问题有以下六种：

1.Questions that ask about the main idea of a passage

Each reading comprehension passage in the GMAT is a unified whole—that is, the individual sentences and paragraphs support and develop one main idea or central point. Sometimes you will be told the central point in the passage itself, and sometimes it will be necessary for you to determine the central point from the overall organization or development of the passage. You may be asked in this kind of question to recognize a correct restatement, or paraphrase, of the main idea of the passage; or to identify the author’s primary purpose, or objective, in writing the passage; or to assign a title that summarizes briefly and pointedly the main idea developed in the passage.

关于文章的中心思想（主题题）

GMAT中的每一篇阅读文章都是浑然一体的，也就是说，每一个句子和段落都支持或者展开同一个主题，或者叫一个中心思想。有时文章会告诉你主题是什么，有时则需要你从整篇文章的组织和铺陈去推定中心思想。主题题可能会要求你识别有关文章主题的一个正确陈述或者解释，也可能要求你鉴别作者写这篇文章的主要意图或者目的，还可能要求你给文章冠一个简明扼要地概括了文章所演绎内容的中心思想的标题。

2. Questions that ask about the supporting ideas presented in a passage

These questions measure your ability to comprehend the supporting ideas in a passage and to differentiate those supporting ideas from the main idea. The question also measure your ability to differentiate ideas that are explicitly stated in a passage from ideas that are implied by the author but are not explicitly stated. You may be asked about facts cited in a passage, or about the specific content of arguments presented by the author in support of his or her views, or about descriptive details used to support or elaborate on the main idea. Whereas questions about the main idea ask you to determine the meaning of a passage as a whole, questions about supporting ideas ask you to determine the meanings of individual sentences and paragraphs that contribute to the meaning of the passage as a whole. One way to think about these questions is to see them as questions asking for the main point of one small part of the passage.

关于文中的论点（观点题）

观点题测试你理解文中的论点和把支撑主题的论点与主题区分开来的能力。观点题也测试你区分作者在文中明确陈述的观点和在文中间接表达而不是直接陈述的观点的能力。

观点题可能会问到文中引用的事实，作者用来支持自己观点的论据的细枝末节，或者用来支持或阐述中心思想的描述性细节。

主题题要求你推断整篇文章的主题，而观点题则要求你确定对主题做出贡献的单独句子或段落的含义。

一种解题思路是把观点题看作要求归纳文章的某一小部分的中心思想。

3. Questions that ask for inferences based on information presented in a passage

These questions ask about ideas that are not explicitly stated in a passage but are strongly implied by the author. Unlike questions about supporting details, which ask about information that is directly stated in a passage, inference questions ask about ideas or meanings that must be inferred from information that is directly stated. Authors can make their points in indirect ways, suggesting ideas without actually stating them. These questions measure you ability to infer an author’s intended meaning in parts of a passage where the meaning is only suggested. The questions do not ask about meanings or implications that are remote from the passage but about meanings that are developed indirectly or implications specifically suggested by the author. To answer these questions, you may have to carry statements made by the author one step beyond their literal meanings, or recognize the opposite of a statement made by the author, or identify the intended meaning of a word used figuratively in a passage. If a passage explicitly states an effect, for example, you may be asked to infer its cause. If the author compares two phenomena, you may be asked to infer the basis for the comparison. You may be asked to infer the characteristics of an old policy from an explicit description of a new one. When you read a passage., therefore, you should concentrate not only on the explicit meaning of the author’s words, but also on the more subtle meaning implied by those words.

关于基于文中给出信息的推论（推导题）

推导题问的不是文中那些明确陈述而是作者强烈暗示的那部分。与观点题不一样，观点题问的是文中直接陈述的内容，推导题则问的是需要对文中直接陈述的内容进行推演才能得出的观点或含义。作者使用间接的方式来阐述，在不具体陈述的情况下提出观点。

推导题测试你推断在作者只是暗示的那一部分所意图表达的观点的能力。

推导题问的不是那些文章中蕴含的生僻含义或者暗示，而是那些作者间接铺陈的含义或者特别暗示。

要回答这些问题，你可能需要进一步以超越作者陈述所表达的字面含义，或者需要认识到作者陈述的对立面或者相对应的一面，或者需要辨别文中使用的一个象征词的意图。例如，如果文章明确地给出了一个结果，你可能会被要求推导导致它的原因；如果作者比较两个现象，你可能会被要求推导比较的基础或根据；你可能会被要求从一个明确给出的新的政策的描述推导出老政策的特征。

因此，当你阅读一篇文章的时候，应该不仅仅关注作者的话所明确表达的意思，还要关注这些话所暗示的更为微妙的意思。

4. Questions that ask how information given in a passage can be applied to a context outside the passage itself

These questions measure your ability to discern the relationships between situations or ideas presented by the author and other situations or ideas that might parallel those in the passage. In this kind of question, you may be asked to identify a hypothetical situation that is comparable to a situation presented in the passage, or to apply ideas given in the passage to a situation not mentioned by the author, or to recognize ideas that the author would probably agree or disagree with on the basis of statements made in the passage. Unlike inference questions, these questions use ideas or situations not taken from the passage. Ideas and situations given in a question are like those given in the passage, and they parallel ideas and situations give in the passage. Therefore, to answer the question, you must do more than recall what you read. You must recognize the essential attributes of ideas and situations presented in the passage when they appear in different words and in an entirely new context.

关于文中的信息如何适用于文章以外的环境（类比题）

类比题测试你区分作者所阐述的情形或观点和与之相应的情形或观点之间的关系的能力。

类比题可能要求你找出一个假设的情形，这个情形与文中阐述的情形相似，相对应或者可比较；或者要求你把文中阐述的观点适用于一个作者没有提到过的情形；或者要求你根据文中的阐述识别作者可能赞成或者反对的观点。

与推断题不同，类比题使用的是文中没有的观点或情形。题中的观点或情形类似于并且对应于文中提到的观点或情形。

因此，要回答这类问题，你要做的不能仅限于回忆你所读到的。你必须深刻认识到文中表述的观点或情形的实质属性，这样当它们以不同的词语的形式出现在完全陌生的环境中时你就可以迅速把它们识别出来。

5. Questions that ask about the logical structure of a passage

These questions ask you to analyze and evaluate the organization and the logic of a passage. They may ask how a passage is constructed: for instance, does it define, does it compare or contrast, does it present a new idea, does it refute an idea? They may also ask how the author persuades readers to accept his or her assertions, or about the reason behind the author’s use of any particular supporting detail. You may also be asked to identify assumptions that the author is making , to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments, or to recognize appropriate counterarguments. These questions measure your ability not only to comprehend a passage but to evaluate it critically. However, it is important for you to realize that these questions do not rely on any kind of formal logic, nor do they require that you be familiar with specific terms of logic or argumentation. You can answer these questions using only the information in the passage and careful reasoning.

结构题要求你分析和评价文章的组织和逻辑。

结构题可能会问到一篇文章是如何构造的。例如，哪里在定义；哪里在进行比较和对照；哪里在表达新观点；哪里在反驳一个观点。

结构题也可能会问到作者是如何说服读者接受自己的主张的，或者作者使用某个特别的支撑细节的原因。

结构题还可能要求你识别作者所做的假设，或者要求你评估作者的论证的力度和缺陷，或者要求你找出合适的驳论。

结构题不仅测试你理解文章的能力，还测试你准确地评价文章的能力。

然而，对你来说非常重要的是你必须明白，这类问题既不需要你依赖于任何规整的逻辑，也不需要你熟悉逻辑和论证方面的专门术语。你回答这些问题，只需要用到文中所提到的信息并进行仔细的推理。

6 Questions that ask about the style and tone of a passage

These questions ask about the language of a passage and about the ideas in a passage that may be expressed through its language. You may be asked to deduce the author’s attitude toward an idea, a fact, or a situation from the words that he or she uses to describe it. You may also be asked to select a word that accurately describes the tone of a passage—for instance, "critical," "questioning," "objective," or "enthusiastic." To answer this type of question, you will have to consider the language of the passage as a whole: it takes more than one pointed critical word to make the tone of an entire passage “critical.” Sometimes, these questions ask what audience the passage was probably intended for or what type of publication it probably appeared in. Style and tone questions may apply to one small part of the passage or to the passage as a whole. To answer them, you must ask yourself what meanings are contained in the words of a passage beyond their literal meanings. Were such words selected because of their emotional content, or because a particular audience would expect to hear them? Remember, these questions measure your ability to discern meaning expressed by the author through his or her choice of word.

关于文章的风格和基调（态度题）

态度题主要涉及文章使用的语言和作者通过这些语言所表达出的态度。

态度题可能要求你从作者的态度演绎出一个观点，一个事实，或者一个情形；也可能要求你选择一个准确描述文章基调的词语——例如，“批评”，“质疑”，“客观”，或者“满腔热情”。要回答这类问题，你必须把文章看作一个整体——文章通常使用好几个尖锐的批评词汇就会铸就整篇文章的“批评”基调。

有时，态度题也会问到哪些人可能是文章的读者，或者文章可能出现在哪种出版物中。态度题既可能针对文章的一小部分也可能针对整篇文章。要回答这类问题，你必须问自己一个问题——那些隐藏在字里行间超越文章字面含义的意思到底是什么。作者使用这些词语是因为它们的感情色彩，还是因为有一群特别的读者期望读到它们？

记住，态度题测试的是你区分作者通过使用不同的词来表达不同感情色彩的能力。

Test-taking strategies for Reading Comprehension

1.You should not expect to completely familiar with any of the material presented in reading comprehension passages. You may find some passages easier to understand than others, but all passages are designed to present a challenge. If you have some familiarity with the material being presented in a passage, do not let this knowledge influence your choice of answers to the questions. Answer all questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage itself.

阅读理解的应试策略

1.你不要期望完全熟悉阅读理解的文章采用的所有素材。你可能会发现一些文章比其它文章容易理解，但所有的文章都被设计成具有挑战性。如果你对文中的素材有一些熟悉，不要让你的常识影响你选择正确的答案。所有的正确答案都是基于文章的陈述或者暗示的。

2.Since the questions require specific and detailed understanding of the material in a passage, analyze each passage carefully the first time you read it. However, there are other ways of approaching reading comprehension passages: some test takes prefer to skim the passages the first time through or even to read the first question before reading the passage. You should choose the method most suitable for you.

2.因为文章的问题需要你精确而详尽的理解文中的材料，所以在第一遍阅读的时候要尽可能地仔细分析每一篇文章。当然，也有一些其它的阅读方法。一些人喜欢在第一遍阅读的时候快速略读，一些人喜欢在读文章前读第一个问题。你应当选择最适合你的方法。

3.Focus on key words and phrases, and make every effort to avoid losing the sense of what is being discussed. Keep the following in mind:

A. Note how each fact relates to an idea or an argument.

B. Note where the passage moves from one idea to the next.

C. Separate main ideas from supporting ideas.

D. Determine what conclusions are reached and why.

3.关注关键词和短语，并且尽可能地保持对所讨论的东西的感觉。把下面几个原则放在心上：

A．注意每个事实如何与观点或论述发生关联的

B．注意文章如何从一个观点转到另一个观点的

C．从论点中总结出中心思想

D．推断文章的结论以及为什么

4. Read the questions carefully, making certain that you understand what is being asked. An answer choice may be incorrect, even though it accurately restates information given in the passage, if it does not answer the question. If you need to, refer back to the passage for clarification.

4.仔细读问题，弄清楚问题问的到底是什么。一个选项如果没有回答问题就是错误的，尽管它可能准确地重述了文中给出的信息。你可能在必要的时候得重回文章定位。

5. Read all the choices carefully. Never assume that you have selected the best answer without first reading all the choices.

5.仔细阅读所有选项。在没有读完所有选项时，别心存侥幸地认为已经找到最好答案。

6. Select the choice that best answers the question in terms of the information given in the passage. Do not rely on outside knowledge of the material for answering the question.

6.根据文中给出的信息选择最好的答案。不要依靠相关领域的其它知识来回答问题。

7. Remember that understanding, not speed, is the critical factor in reading comprehension.

7.记住，理解才是阅读理解的关键因素，而速度不是。